CEMENT (Data in thousand metric tons, unless noted)1/ Domestic Production and Use: One State agency and 45 companies operated 118 plants in 37 States to produce 73.5 million tons of portland cement, 3.5 million tons of masonry cement, and minor quantities of other cement in 1995. The value of the production was about $4.7 billion. At yearend, the capacity of 110 plants producing portland cement clinker, including 3 white cement facilities, reached a level of approximately 233,000 tons daily. Allowing for an average of about 40 days downtime for maintenance and rebricking kilns, the apparent annual clinker production capacity, excluding Puerto Rico, was 76.0 million tons. An additional eight plants operated grinding mills only for imported, purchased, or interplant transfers of clinker. Estimated finish grinding capacity, excluding Puerto Rico, was 91 million tons. The 5 largest companies composed 40% of the clinker production capacity, and the 10 largest accounted for 65%. Fifty percent of the portland cement production came from the following six States in declining order: California, Texas, Pennsylvania, Missouri, Michigan, and Florida. Uses of cement by type of customer were 68% for ready-mix concrete; 14% for manufacturers of concrete products such as block, pipe, and prestressed precast concrete; 9% by highway contractors; 6% by building material dealers; and 3% by other contractors, Government agencies, and miscellaneous users. Salient Statistics--United States:2/ 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995e/ Production, portland, masonry, and other 67,193 69,585 73,807 77,900 77,000 Shipments from mills, including masonry cement 72,108 77,814 81,404 89,733 90,000 Imports for consumption 7,893 6,166 7,060 11,303 15,824 Exports 633 746 625 633 600 Consumption, apparent3/ 74,000 75,400 80,514 91,160 92,000 Price, average mill value, dollars per ton 55.54 54.61 56.36 61.88 62.00 Stocks, mill yearend 6,009 5,272 4,788 4,805 4,800 Employment, mine and mille/ 18,000 18,100 18,000 18,000 18,000 Net import reliance4/ as a percent of apparent consumption 10 7 8 13 17 Recycling: None. Import Sources (1991-94): Canada, 39%; Spain, 11%; Greece 8%; Venezuela 7%; Mexico, 6%; and other, 29%. Tariff:Item Number Most favored nation (MFN) Non-MFN5/ 12/31/95 12/31/95 Cement clinker 2523.10.0000 Free $1.32/mt. White nonstaining portland cement 2523.21.0000 18›/mt $1.76/mt. Other portland cement 2523.29.0000 Free $1.32/mt. Aluminous cement 2523.30.0000 Free $1.32/mt. Other hydraulic cement 2523.90.0000 Free $1.32/mt. Depletion Allowance: Certain raw materials for cement production, such as limestone, bauxite, and gypsum, have depletion allowances. Government Stockpile: None. Prepared by Cement Specialist, (703) 648-7712. CEMENT Events, Trends, and Issues: In 1995, U.S. demand for cement was about 90 million tons, slightly above that of 1994. Imports of cement were up by approximately 40%. The continued strong cement demand led some cement plants to increase cement production by upgrading or modernizing existing facilities. Due to shortages of cement in some areas, cement plants sought to supplement their cement supply by using granulated slag as a replacement for portland cement. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued its final determination on Cement Kiln Dust (CKD). This action was required by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The EPA concluded that additional control of CKD was warranted in order to protect the public from human health risks and to prevent environmental damage resulting from current disposal of this waste. Under Subtitle C of RCRA, the EPA was to develop a tailored set of standards for CKD that would control releases to ground water. World Production and Capacity: Cement production Yearend clinker capacity 1994 1995e/ 1994 1995e/ United States (includes Puerto Rico) 77,900 77,000 76,000 76,000 Brazil 26,000 28,000 31,000 31,000 China 400,000 410,000 360,000 362,000 France 20,200 24,000 27,000 27,000 Germany 40,400 40,400 49,000 49,000 India 54,000 55,000 64,000 64,000 Italy 40,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 Japan 91,500 92,000 93,000 93,000 Korea, South 52,100 53,000 45,000 45,000 Russia 50,000 55,000 140,000 140,000 Spain 26,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 Turkey 30,000 32,000 27,000 27,000 Other countries 461,000 445,000 411,000 415,000 World total (rounded) 1,370,000 1,390,000 1,400,000 1,400,000 World Resources: Although domestic resources of raw materials are adequate, they are sometimes remote from cement market areas. Countries deficient in one or more raw materials have experienced little difficulty importing their requirements. Substitutes: Aluminum, steel, fiberglass, wood, stone, and clay products may be used in the building and construction markets. e/Estimated. 1/See Appendix A for conversion to short tons. 2/Excludes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. 3/Adjusted to eliminate duplication of imports shipped by domestic cement manufacturers. 4/Defined as imports - exports + adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. 5/See Appendix B. Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 1996